Deghosting

After the calibration, the deghosting is as simple as taking the average between the hydrophone and calibrated geophone components:

$$U = \frac{P+Z}{2}.$$ (9)

Figure 7 compares the receiver gather of both the geophone component and the combined signal; observe that most of the ghost reflections have been eliminated. This can also be seen in the CMP gather of both the geophone component and the combined signal (Figure 8), where the arrows point to some of the multiples that have been removed.

 

deghost
Figure 7 Geophone and deghosted gather, receiver gather.

 

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Figure 8 Geophone and deghosted gather, CMP gather.