Figure 1 shows two wave-propagation situations. The first is realistic field sounding. A shot s and a receiving geophone g attached together go to all places on the earth surface and record for us the echo function of t. The second is a thought experiment in which the reflectors in the earth suddenly explode. Waves from the hypothetical explosion propagate up to the earth's surface where they are observed by a hypothetical string of geophones.
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Notice in the figure that the ray paths in the field-recording case seem to be the same as those in the exploding-reflector case. It is a great conceptual advantage to imagine that the two wavefields, the observed and the hypothetical, are indeed the same. If they are the same, the many thousands of experiments that have really been done can be ignored, and attention can be focused on the one hypothetical experiment. One obvious difference between the two cases is that in the field geometry waves must first go down and then return upward along the same path, whereas in the hypothetical experiment they just go up. Travel time in field experiments could be divided by two. In practice, the data of the field experiments (two-way time) is analyzed assuming the sound velocity to be half its true value.