-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "FAQ"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

			SEGTeX

		A Frequently Asked Questions List 

		Last updated: Jan 31st 1994


1.) Where can I get the SEGTeX package ?
	The master copy lives on "oas.stanford.edu",
	netid 36.51.0.59 in the directory /pub/SEGTeX.
	You can obtain it using "ftp".


2.) Does the Printer of "Geophysics" accept customized postscript
    Prolog files ?
	We don't know yet. They might try, if you give them the
	prolog file as a separate file.

3.) I can't print the example file segskeleton.tex, because my
    PostScript printer requires some prolog file.
	The example has successfully been printed using the
	dvips package. The package can be ftp'ed from official
	TeX archives including labrea.stanford.edu.

4.) Why does the table environment look so crummy ?
	It is revtex's original environment, 
        we are looking into improving it.

5.) Does it work on Non-Unix machines ?
        yes, but viewing postscript figures migth be a problem sometimes.
	packages that have been tried: 
		TeXtures and OzTex on Macintosh

6.) can I convert SEG cumlative indices into bibliography files ?
	yes, if you have "emacs" run the shell: emconvert
	(it is not SEG sanctified, but a temporary hack from SEP)

7.) Can I convert the Georom Ascii index to a bibliography file ?
	yes, use the perl script: Georom2Bib
	(it is not SEG sanctified, but a temporary hack from SEP)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "Georom2Bib"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#!/usr/local/bin/perl 
# Martin Karrenbach  Sept 1993 (last update)
#
# known problems:
# some entries are bogus, due to names not recognized in pattern matching
# if you make improvements please send me fixes:  martin@sep.stanford.edu
# 

eval "exec perl -S $0 $*"
                         if $running_under_some_shell;

$selfdoc='Usage:  Georom2Bib <in  >out 

Converts SEG Georom file into Bibtex entries (including the abstract).

If problems ask Martin.
';
                                        # selfdoc when no arguments and
                                        # stdin is not redirected
if ( $#ARGV == -1 ){ if ( seek(STDIN,-1,1) == 1 ){
                     print STDERR $selfdoc ; exit(0) ; } }

$* = 1;   # make searches on vars with imbedded newlines work

$counter=0;
Line:
while (<STDIN>) {
#	print "line ", $i++,"+++$_+++\n";

	if (/.*\((\d\d\d\d)\)\d+\.\s*\((.*)\)(\d*)v(\d*)i(\d*)p(\d*)o0mA(.*)\dFor page .*\d\d\d\d\.(.*)/) { 
           if ( "$havematch" != "yes" ) { &printit($rest) ; }
           #if ( "$havematch" != "yes" ) { print "$rest\n\n\n" ; }
	   $counter++;
	   $year = $1 ;
	   $month = $2;
	   $pages = $3;
	   $volume = $4;
	   $issue =$5;
           $startpage = $6;
	   $title = $7 ;
           $rest = $8;
           $pages =~ /$startpage(\d*)/;
	   $endpage = $1;
# 	   print " $year , $month, $pages, $volume, $issue, $startpage,  $title, $endpage \n";
	   $havematch = "yes";

       } else {

         if (/\w*INTRODUCTION\w*/) { 
	   if( "$havematch" == "yes" ) {
		#print "$rest\n\n\n"; 
		&printit($rest); 
	        $havematch = "no";
          } else{ 
                print "Intro with no match\n" ;
          }

        } else { 
	  if( "$havematch" != "yes" ) {$rest = "$rest"."$_" ;} 
        }
      }

      #if ($counter > 10 ) { exit; };

};

print "Number of Bibtex entries created:  $counter\n";

exit;


sub printit {
   local ($_) = @_;

	$ii = 0;
	$authors = "";
	$abstract = "";

	(@junk) = split(/\,/);

	while ( $ii <=$#junk & length($abstract) == 0 ) {

          #print " looking at\n-->@junk[$ii]<--\n";

          # match author names in various forms

          if ( @junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*$)/ ) 
 	  {
	    $authors = "$authors"." and "."@junk[$ii]";
          }

          elsif ( @junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}(Mc[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*)$)/)
	  {
	    $authors = "$authors"." and "."@junk[$ii]";
          }

          elsif ( @junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}Mac[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*$)/ ) 
	  {
	    $authors = "$authors"." and "."@junk[$ii]";
          }

          elsif ( @junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}O'[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*$)/ ) 
	  {
	    $authors = "$authors"." and "."@junk[$ii]";
          }

          elsif(@junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}Mc[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*)([A-Z].*)/)          {
		$author = $1; 
                $abstract= $+;
	        $authors = "$authors"." and "."$author";
	    }

          elsif(@junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}Mac[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*)([A-Z].*)/)          {
		$author = $1; 
                $abstract= $+;
	        $authors = "$authors"." and "."$author";
 	   }
          
          # match an author followed by the start of an abstract
          elsif(@junk[$ii] =~ /(^\s*([A-Z]\S*\s+){0,4}[A-Z][^\sA-Z]*)([A-Z].*)/)          {
		$author = $1; 
                $abstract= $+;
	        $authors = "$authors"." and "."$author";

          }else{
                $abstract= "@junk[$ii]";
    print STDERR "Entry $counter with cite key $citekey might have problems\n ";
          }

          $ii++;
        }


	while ( $ii <= $#junk ) {
                $abstract= "$abstract"."@junk[$ii]";
		$ii++;
        }


	# take off the leading and
        $authors =~ s/^ and//;

        &printBibtexEntry;


   return;
}


sub printBibtexEntry {

   $citekey = "GEO."."$volume."."$issue."."$startpage$endpage";

   print "\n\@article\{$citekey,\n";
   print "\tauthor=\{$authors\},\n";

   $_ = "$authors";
   if ( length("$authors")>200 ) { 
    print STDERR "Entry $counter with cite key $citekey might have problems, ".
                 "please check !\n";
    print STDERR "Authors: $authors\n";
   }

   print "\ttitle=\{\{$title\}\},\n";
   print "\tyear=\{$year\},\n";
   print "\tjournal=\{Geophysics\},\n";
   print "\tvolume=\{$volume\},\n";
   print "\tnumber=\{$issue\},\n";
   print "\tpages=\{$startpage-$endpage\},\n";

   print "abstract=\{\n";
   &print80($abstract);
   print "\}\n";

   print "\t\}\n";

   return;
}


sub print80 {
	local($_)=@_;
	local($what,$i,$howmany);
	$howmany = 80;
        if ( length($_) > $howmany & / / ) {
	  $i=0;
	  while ( ($i) < length($_) ) {
	    $what=substr($_,$i,$howmany);
	    $where = rindex("$what"," ");
	    $what2=substr($_,$i,$where);
	    print "\n$what2";
	    if ( $where == 0 ) { # last item:
            $what2=substr($_,$i+$where,80);
            print "$what2";
	    $where = 80 ; 
            }
	    $i = $i+$where;
	  }
        } else { print "$_"; }
return;
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "README"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This directory contains an experimental version of SEG style files
within the REVTeX frame work.

Copy the following files to where you usually keep your tex style files:

  seg.sty             master style file
  seg12.sty           internal style file for manuscripts
  seg10.sty           internal style file for manuscripts
  segbib.sty          bibliography hadling file for bibtex
  seg.bst             bibtex style file for citations
  revtex.sty          modified version of the original 
                      revtex file to allow for seg style        
  revtex.cls          fixes a problem with arrays in LaTeX2e
  epsf.sty            macros to include PostScript figures
                      in the document (this is the 
                      unmodified version of epfs.sty
                      as distributed with dvips
                      (from labrea.stanford.edu)

Then look at the following files after running latex on them:

  segman.tex          a brief guide for prepraring seg papers
  segskeleton.tex     a paper skeleton file using seg.sty
  easybib.tex         a paper explaining how to use bibtex
  manend.tex          an appendix listing the commands
                      and symbols used in revtex
                      (tensor, vector) are seg specific

Utilities for Bibliographies:

  Georom2Bib          a perl script that attempts to convert the Ascii index
                      to a bibliography file including abstracts
                      (has some known problem in matching authro patterns)

  emconvert           a emacs batch script to convert cumulative digital index
                      to bibliography files

  refer2bibtex.el     a emacs lisp script to convert Refer format to Bibtex 
                      used by emconvert
                      (latest script is available at emacs ftp sites, 
                      we include it here only for convenience)


Here are two experimental versions of style files for the new SEG expanded 
abstracts in 1996. Report problems to segtex@sep.stanford.edu. If you have 
something better, send it to harlan@sep.stanford.edu.

  segabstract96.tex          Simple adaptation of standard SEGTeX
  segabs96.cls               Standalone SEG abstract style file (experimental)

last change to SEGTeX package:

Martin Karrenbach   4-21-94   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu ) added abberviation journal in sep.bst 

Martin Karrenbach   3-27-94   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu ) added legalsize options
                                                          (thanks to Craig Artley)
Martin Karrenbach   3-25-94   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu ) added exp. abstract support
                                                          (thanks to Bill Harlan)
Martin Karrenbach  11-29-93   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu ) fixed numbering
                                in appendix
Martin Karrenbach  11-06-93   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu ) added plot placement
Martin Karrenbach  10-28-93   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu )
Martin Karrenbach   9-13-93   ( martin@sep.stanford.edu )
Bill Harlan          4-9-96   (harlan@sep.stanford.edu)  added 1996 abstracts
Bill Harlan          4-17-96   (harlan@sep.stanford.edu)  added revtex.cls

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "easybib.ps"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% keywords: bibtex latex tex bibliography references
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\documentstyle[seg,manuscript]{revtex} % This line gives a manuscript style.
%
%\documentstyle[seg]{revtex} % Uncomment this line for a preprint style.
%
\def\BibTeX{\rm B{\sc ib}\TeX}
\begin{document}
\bibliographystyle{seg}

\title{Referencing and bibliographies \\ in SEG publications made easy}
\author{Martin Karrenbach}
\address{Stanford Exploration Project, 366 Mitchell, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
When preparing a paper for publication, authors usually struggle with 
the format and style of references to related articles.
First they have to make sure that previous publications are cited correctly
in the body of the paper. Second they have to make sure that the complete
list of cited publications obeys the stylistic demands of the SEG
editor. 

To make it as easy as possible for the author and also to enforce 
stylistic consistency we require that the {\tt Bibliography} environment
offer by \LaTeX\  is used.  SEG provides guidelines and examples 
of citations in this article.
\end{abstract}

\section{Philosophy}
We emphatically encourage authors to take advantage of the \BibTeX\ 
style file that the SEG editor provides. If you are using \TeX\  and 
\LaTeX\  already, you should also have \BibTeX\  available to you.
If you do not, we encourage you to get hold of the latest \TeX\ 
distribution -- \BibTeX\  is included.

\BibTeX\  saves the authors of scientific articles a lot of work,
by converting \BibTeX\  database entries into bibliographic entries
used in  \LaTeX\ .
Those get automatically included in your paper using the correct style.
All references will automatically get sorted and correctly numbered if
there are more than one paper from the same author per year.
The appropriate style will be chosen depending on the type of citation
such as articles, books, proceedings, theses or talks.

SEG currently provides all Geophysics articles up to 1992 on CDROM,
also in the previous year SEG published indices of Geophysics, 
The Leading Edge, SEG Abstracts, SEG Books and the 
publications of associated geophysical organizations.
All those data bases can be easily converted into
\BibTeX\  files. The Stanford Exploration Project has used this method
since 1991 and is happy to provide SEG with those tools.

You do not need to rely on outside \BibTeX\  databases, but you can 
easily create your own \BibTeX\  files. At the end of this section
the file {\tt segmaster.bib} is included as an example.
For more details have a look in Lamport's \LaTeX\ guide. \cite{lamport}

\section{How to use bibliographies in \LaTeX\  }
\LaTeX\  allows to refer to published material using the 
{\tt $\backslash$cite\{ \}} command. The SEG style file augments that
by another command {\tt $\backslash$shortcite\{ \}}, 
which only displays the year and not the author names.
For example to cite the first article in the bibliography that is shown below
\cite{lan66}, use the command \verb+\cite{lan66}+. The citation key {\tt lan66}
is the second argument to the \verb+\bibitem[tag]{citation key}+ command.
The second type of citation: \shortcite{lan66} can be invoked, using
\verb+\shotcite{lan66}+.
Those two commands govern how you want to cite material in your text.
At the end of your paper there has to be a list of all cited articles.
The standard way in \LaTeX\ is to have all cited entries listed in
the {\tt thebibliography} environment.
After the CONCLUSIONS and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, the reference list will appear
by typing:

{\tighten
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{thebibliography}{0}
\bibitem[Landes, 1966]{lan66}
Landes, K. K., 1966, A scrutiny of the abstract, {II}: AAPG Bull., {\bf 50}, 
1992.
\bibitem[Lindsey, 1993]{lindsey94}
Lindsey, J. P, Jr., Instructions to authors: Geophysics, {\bf 58}, 2-9.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{verbatim}
}

The result will be the following:
{\tighten
\begin{thebibliography}{0}
\bibitem[Landes, 1966]{lan66}
Landes, K. K., 1966, A scrutiny of the abstract, {II}: AAPG Bull., {\bf 50}, 
1992.

\bibitem[Lindsey, 1993]{lindsey94}
Lindsey, J. P, Jr., Instructions to authors: Geophysics, {\bf 58}, 2-9.

\end{thebibliography}
}
This requires the author to type in all cited articles. Possibly repeating
it for other publications which require slight style changes. 
An alternative way with \BibTeX\  is shown in the next section 
(which avoids typing those in).


\section{How to use {{\BibTeX\ }} to create bibliographies}

In contrast to the previous section you could have put the two entries
in the following form in a file {\tt segmaster.bib}:
{\tighten
\begin{verbatim}
@ARTICLE{lan66,
   author = {K. K. Landes},
   journal = {AAPG Bull.},
   title = {A scrutiny of the abstract, {II}},
   volume = {50},
   page= {1992}
   year = {1966}
}
@ARTICLE{lindsey94,
   author = {J. P. Jr. Lindsey},
   journal = {Geophysics},
   title = {Instructions to authors},
   volume = {58},
   pages = {2-9},
   year = {1993}
}
\end{verbatim}
}
All entries start with some type identifier, such as {\tt @ARTICLE}, that
will describe what kind of publication it is. The first item after that
is the citation key {\tt lan66}. This is the key you use to refer to the
entry and with which you cite the document in your paper (\verb+\cite{lan66}+).
Following that are descriptive keywords, like {\tt author, title, 
volume, etc.}.
These keywords will vary with the type of publication.
For more details look at Lamport's \LaTeX guide \shortcite{lamport} and the
file {\tt segmaster.bib}, which contains examples how to write your own 
\BibTeX\ entries.

Instead of typing the bibliography into your paper (as the last section did)
you now have merely to put a single line:
{\bf
\begin{verbatim}
\bibliography{segmaster}
\end{verbatim}
}
That will tell \LaTeX\ to  insert the bibliography in your paper.
The argument to the {\bf \verb+\bibliography{...,...}+} 
can be a single file name
({\tt segmaster}) or a comma separated list of 
filenames ({\tt segmaster,mybib}).
\BibTeX\  assumes those files to have the extension {.bib}.

To get all the references resolved  you have to run your paper through:
{\tt latex}, then through {\tt bibtex}. 
{\tt latex} creates a {\tt .aux} file.
{\tt bibtex} uses that {\tt .aux} file and creates a {\tt .bbl} file.
This bibliography file {\tt .bbl} contains all the entries that you would
have originally had to type in by hand.
The biggest advantage is however, that you do not have to worry about
stylistic errors. It will be correct -- the SEG style file takes care of that.
To get this stylistic behavior, your document must contain the command
{\bf\verb+\bibliographystyle{seg}+}.
Once you have the {\tt .bbl} file created, 
you do not have to run {\tt bibtex} again; 
you just use {\tt latex} the same way as usual.
%
You only have to rerun {\tt bibtex} again, 
if you want to change (add or delete) cited papers in your manuscript.

%
%Look at the listings in this paper
%if you want to know how this paper and the bibliography file was written.

\section{Examples of Citations}

This section shows many examples (including the ones given in 
``Instructions to the authors'') of citing relevant published material.
The {\tt $\backslash$cite} command takes as argument a {\tt key}, 
that identifies a bibliography entry. It is easiest if you compare 
the following citations
with the original bibliography file, which is listed as an appendix.

I am citing a book in the full form \cite{lamport} , 
while here I am citing only the year of the book \shortcite{lamport}.
I was using the command: \verb+\cite{lamport}+  and then 
\verb+\shortcite{lamport}+.
The entry in the \BibTeX\ file is as follow:

{\tighten
\begin{verbatim}
@BOOK{lamport,
   author = {L[eslie] Lamport},
   title = {\LaTeX\  user's guide \& reference manual},
   year = {1985},
   publisher ={Addison-Wesley Publishing Company}
}
\end{verbatim}
}

Here I cite an  article the same way, once full \cite{segarticle} and 
once just the year \shortcite{segarticle}.
Articles with more than two authors are cited using the correct style
\cite{magazine3}.
%
%Note that if you want to keep something literal in the title enclose it with
%\{\}, that will keep it from being lowercased.
%
This is the citation of a  magazine article \cite{segmagazine},
a M.Sc. thesis \cite{segms},
a patent \cite{patent},
a book \cite{segbook},
an article in a book \cite{inbook},
an  SEG paper \cite{segabstract}
and finally an  SEG talk \cite{segtalk}.
 Here I am citing multiple papers in one citation: 
\cite{segtalk,segabstract}, using 
\verb+\cite{segtalk,segabstract}+. Be sure not to leave spaces in the 
comma separated list, \verb+\cite{segtalk,\ segabstract}+ will NOT work.
Letters will be added automatically to the year if an author has two 
publications in the same year, such as the articles by Claerbout 
\shortcite{Claerbout.sep.77.245,Claerbout.sep.77.19}.

To let you see all referenced articles, I put 
\verb+\bibliography{segmaster}+ here. This bibliography contains all
references given in the ``Instruction to the authors'', that appears
in the first issue of each volume of Geophysics.

\nocite{lamport}

% uncomment the following line when using bibtex
%\bibliography{segmaster}

% comment the following lines when using bibtex
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% this is included from the easybib.bbl file that was generated by bibtex
\begin{thebibliography}{}

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Anstey}{1976}]{patent}
Anstey, N., 1976, Seismic delineation of oil and gas reservoirs using borehole
  geophones: Canadian Patents 1 106 957 and 1 114 937.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Baker and Carter}{1972}]{inbook}
Baker, D.~W., and Carter, N.~L., 1972, Seismic velocity anisotropy calculated
  for ultramafic minerals and aggregates, {\it in} Heard, H.~C., Borg, I.~V.,
  Carter, N.~L.,  and Raleigh, C.~B., Eds., Flow and fracture of rocks: Am.
  Geophys. Union, Geophys. Mono., 16,  157--166.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Constable}{1986}]{segabstract}
Constable, S.~C., 1986, Offshore electromagnetic surveying techniques: 56th
  Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts,  81--82.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Davis and Rabinowitz}{1975}]{segbook}
Davis, P.~J., and Rabinowitz, P., 1975, Methods of numerical integration:
  Academic Press Inc.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Hubbard}{1979}]{segtalk}
Hubbard, T.~P., 1979, Deconvolution of surface recorded data using vertical
  seismic profiles: Presented at the 49th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl.
  Geophys.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Lamport}{1985}]{lamport}
Lamport, L., 1985, {\LaTeX\ user's guide \& reference manual}: Addison-Wesley
  Publishing Company.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Landes}{1966}]{lan66}
Landes, K.~K., 1966, A scrutiny of the abstract, {II}: AAPG Bull., {\bf 50},
  1992.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Lindsey}{1988}]{segmagazine}
Lindsey, J.~P., 1988, Measuring wavelet phase from seismic data: The Leading
  Edge, {\bf 7}, no. 7, 10--16.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Lodha}{1974}]{segms}
Lodha, G.~S., 1974, Quantitative interpretation of ariborne electromagnetic
  response for a spherical model: Masters's thesis, University of Toronto.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Loveridge \bgroup et al.\egroup
  }{1984}]{magazine3}
Loveridge, M.~M., Parkes, G.~E., Hatton, L.,  and Worthington, M.~H., 1984,
  Effects of marine source array directivity on seismic data and source
  signature deconvolution: First Break, {\bf 2}, no. 7, 16--23.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Zonge and Wynn}{1975}]{segarticle}
Zonge, K.~L., and Wynn, J.~C., 1975, {EM} coupling, its intrinsic value, its
  removal, and the cultural coupling problem: Geophysics, {\bf 40}, 831--850.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Claerbout}{1993a}]{Claerbout.sep.77.19}
Claerbout, J.~F., 1993a, 3-d local-monoplane annihilator: Stanford Exploration
  Project Report, {\bf 77}, 19--26.

\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Claerbout}{1993b}]{Claerbout.sep.77.245}
Claerbout, J.~F., 1993b, Steep-dip deconvolution: Stanford Exploration Project
  Report, {\bf 77}, 245--256.

\end{thebibliography}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\appendix
\section*{Listing}
I list the complete bibliography file, that is used by this paper.
This file could be used to create many different reference styles.
Please compare these entries to the previous bibliographies.

{\tighten
\begin{verbatim}
@ARTICLE{lan66,
   author = {K[] K[] Landes},
   journal = {AAPG Bull.},
   title = {A scrutiny of the abstract, {II}},
   volume = {50},
   pages={1992},
   year = {1966}
}
@ARTICLE{lindsey93,
   author = {J. P. Jr. Lindsey},
   journal = {Geophysics},
   title = {Instructions to authors},
   volume = {58},
   pages = {2-9},
   year = {1993}
}
@ARTICLE{segarticle,
   author = {K[] L[] Zonge and J[] C[] Wynn},
   journal = {Geophysics},
   title = {{EM} coupling, its intrinsic value, its removal, 
             and the cultural coupling problem},
   volume = {40},
   pages = {831--850},
   year = {1975}
}
@ARTICLE{segmagazine,
   author = {J[] P[] Lindsey},
   journal = {The Leading Edge},
   title = {Measuring wavelet phase from seismic data},
   volume = {7},
   number = {7},
   pages = {10-16},
   year = {1988}
}
@BOOK{segbook,
   author = {P[] J[] Davis and P[] Rabinowitz},
   title = {Methods of numerical integration},
   year = {1975},
   publisher ={Academic Press Inc.}
}
@INBOOK{inbook,
    author={D. W. Baker and N. L. Carter},
    year={1972},
    editor={ H. C. Heard and I. V. Borg and N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh},
    title={Seismic velocity anisotropy calculated for ultramafic minerals
            and aggregates},
    booktitle={Flow and fracture of rocks},
    publisher={Am. Geophys. Union},
    series={Geophys. Mono.},
    volume={16},
    pages={157-166}
}
@MASTERSTHESIS{segms,
   author = {G[unter] S[ergei] Lodha},
   title = {Quantitative interpretation of ariborne 
            electromagnetic response for a spherical model},
   school = {University of Toronto},
   year = {1974}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{segtalk,
   author={T. P. Hubbard},
   howpublished = {talk},
   year=  {1979},
   title ={Deconvolution of surface recorded data using 
           vertical seismic profiles},
   meeting={49th Ann. Internat. Mtg.},
   publisher={Soc. Expl. Geophys.},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{segabstract,
   author={S[ullivan] C[lay] Constable},
   year=  {1986},
   title ={Offshore electromagnetic surveying techniques},
   meeting={56th Ann. Internat. Mtg.},
   booktitle={Expanded Abstracts},
   publisher={Soc. Expl. Geophys.},
   pages={81-82}
}
@ARTICLE{patent,
  author={N. Anstey}, 
  title={Seismic delineation of oil and gas reservoirs using 
         borehole geophones}, 
  year={1976}, 
  journal={Canadian Patents 1 106 957 and 1 114 937}
}
@PHDTHESIS{segphd,
   author = {J[oe] Dellinger},
   title = {Anisotropic Wave Propagation},
   school = {Stanford University},
   year = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{magazine3,
  author={M. M.  Loveridge  and G. E.  Parkes  
          and L.   Hatton  and M. H.  Worthington }, 
  title={Effects of Marine Source Array Directivity on 
         Seismic Data and Source Signature Deconvolution}, 
  year=1984, 
  journal={First Break}, 
  volume=2, 
  number=7, 
  pages={16-23}
}
@BOOK{lamport,
   author = {L[eslie] Lamport},
   title = {{\LaTeX\  user's guide \& reference manual}},
   year = {1985},
   publisher ={Addison-Wesley Publishing Company}
}
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{document}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "emconvert"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#!/bin/csh -f

# this invokes the emacs refer2bibtex mode
# the output is written in a file called r2b-out
# this file is then moved to the input name with the suffix ".bib"
#
# you need to modify "elcpckage" to point to the refer2bibtex.elc file
#
# Dave Nichols 
# last modified Martin Karrenbach 4-21-1994

set elcpackage = "/usr/local/lib/share/emacs/misc"

emacs -batch -l $elcpackage/refer2bibtex.elc $1 -f r2b-batch-convert-buffer -kill
echo moving r2b-out to $1:r.bib
mv r2b-out $1:r.bib
mv r2b-log $1:r.log

if( -f r2b-out\~ ) then
	/bin/rm r2b-out\~
endif

if( -f r2b-log\~ ) then
	/bin/rm r2b-log\~
endif
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "epsf.sty"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%   EPSF.TEX macro file:
%   Written by Tomas Rokicki of Radical Eye Software, 29 Mar 1989.
%   Revised by Don Knuth, 3 Jan 1990.
%   Revised by Tomas Rokicki to accept bounding boxes with no
%      space after the colon, 18 Jul 1990.
%
%   TeX macros to include an Encapsulated PostScript graphic.
%   Works by finding the bounding box comment,
%   calculating the correct scale values, and inserting a vbox
%   of the appropriate size at the current position in the TeX document.
%
%   To use with the center environment of LaTeX, preface the \epsffile
%   call with a \leavevmode.  (LaTeX should probably supply this itself
%   for the center environment.)
%
%   To use, simply say
%   \input epsf           % somewhere early on in your TeX file
%   \epsfbox{filename.ps} % where you want to insert a vbox for a figure
%
%   Alternatively, you can type
%
%   \epsfbox[0 0 30 50]{filename.ps} % to supply your own BB
%
%   which will not read in the file, and will instead use the bounding
%   box you specify.
%
%   The effect will be to typeset the figure as a TeX box, at the
%   point of your \epsfbox command. By default, the graphic will have its
%   `natural' width (namely the width of its bounding box, as described
%   in filename.ps). The TeX box will have depth zero.
%
%   You can enlarge or reduce the figure by saying
%     \epsfxsize=<dimen> \epsfbox{filename.ps}
%   (or
%     \epsfysize=<dimen> \epsfbox{filename.ps})
%   instead. Then the width of the TeX box will be \epsfxsize and its
%   height will be scaled proportionately (or the height will be
%   \epsfysize and its width will be scaled proportiontally).  The
%   width (and height) is restored to zero after each use.
%
%   A more general facility for sizing is available by defining the
%   \epsfsize macro.    Normally you can redefine this macro
%   to do almost anything.  The first parameter is the natural x size of
%   the PostScript graphic, the second parameter is the natural y size
%   of the PostScript graphic.  It must return the xsize to use, or 0 if
%   natural scaling is to be used.  Common uses include:
%
%      \epsfxsize  % just leave the old value alone
%      0pt         % use the natural sizes
%      #1          % use the natural sizes
%      \hsize      % scale to full width
%      0.5#1       % scale to 50% of natural size
%      \ifnum#1>\hsize\hsize\else#1\fi  % smaller of natural, hsize
%
%   If you want TeX to report the size of the figure (as a message
%   on your terminal when it processes each figure), say `\epsfverbosetrue'.
%
\newread\epsffilein    % file to \read
\newif\ifepsffileok    % continue looking for the bounding box?
\newif\ifepsfbbfound   % success?
\newif\ifepsfverbose   % report what you're making?
\newif\ifepsfdraft     % use draft mode?
\newdimen\epsfxsize    % horizontal size after scaling
\newdimen\epsfysize    % vertical size after scaling
\newdimen\epsftsize    % horizontal size before scaling
\newdimen\epsfrsize    % vertical size before scaling
\newdimen\epsftmp      % register for arithmetic manipulation
\newdimen\pspoints     % conversion factor
%
\pspoints=1bp          % Adobe points are `big'
\epsfxsize=0pt         % Default value, means `use natural size'
\epsfysize=0pt         % ditto
%
\def\epsfbox#1{\global\def\epsfllx{72}\global\def\epsflly{72}%
   \global\def\epsfurx{540}\global\def\epsfury{720}%
   \def\lbracket{[}\def\testit{#1}\ifx\testit\lbracket
   \let\next=\epsfgetlitbb\else\let\next=\epsfnormal\fi\next{#1}}%
%
\def\epsfgetlitbb#1#2 #3 #4 #5]#6{\epsfgrab #2 #3 #4 #5 .\\%
   \epsfsetgraph{#6}}%
%
\def\epsfnormal#1{\epsfgetbb{#1}\epsfsetgraph{#1}}%
%
\def\epsfgetbb#1{%
%
%   The first thing we need to do is to open the
%   PostScript file, if possible.
%
\openin\epsffilein=#1
\ifeof\epsffilein\errmessage{I couldn't open #1, will ignore it}\else
%
%   Okay, we got it. Now we'll scan lines until we find one that doesn't
%   start with %. We're looking for the bounding box comment.
%
   {\epsffileoktrue \chardef\other=12
    \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials \catcode`\ =10
    \loop
       \read\epsffilein to \epsffileline
       \ifeof\epsffilein\epsffileokfalse\else
%
%   We check to see if the first character is a % sign;
%   if not, we stop reading (unless the line was entirely blank);
%   if so, we look further and stop only if the line begins with
%   `%%BoundingBox:'.
%
          \expandafter\epsfaux\epsffileline:. \\%
       \fi
   \ifepsffileok\repeat
   \ifepsfbbfound\else
    \ifepsfverbose\message{No bounding box comment in #1; using defaults}\fi\fi
   }\closein\epsffilein\fi}%
%
%   Now we have to calculate the scale and offset values to use.
%   First we compute the natural sizes.
%
\def\epsfclipon{\def\epsfclipstring{ clip}}%
\def\epsfclipoff{\def\epsfclipstring{\ifepsfdraft\space clip\fi}}%
\epsfclipoff
%
\def\epsfsetgraph#1{%
   \epsfrsize=\epsfury\pspoints
   \advance\epsfrsize by-\epsflly\pspoints
   \epsftsize=\epsfurx\pspoints
   \advance\epsftsize by-\epsfllx\pspoints
%
%   If `epsfxsize' is 0, we default to the natural size of the picture.
%   Otherwise we scale the graph to be \epsfxsize wide.
%
   \epsfxsize\epsfsize\epsftsize\epsfrsize
   \ifnum\epsfxsize=0 \ifnum\epsfysize=0
      \epsfxsize=\epsftsize \epsfysize=\epsfrsize
      \epsfrsize=0pt
%
%   We have a sticky problem here:  TeX doesn't do floating point arithmetic!
%   Our goal is to compute y = rx/t. The following loop does this reasonably
%   fast, with an error of at most about 16 sp (about 1/4000 pt).
% 
     \else\epsftmp=\epsftsize \divide\epsftmp\epsfrsize
       \epsfxsize=\epsfysize \multiply\epsfxsize\epsftmp
       \multiply\epsftmp\epsfrsize \advance\epsftsize-\epsftmp
       \epsftmp=\epsfysize
       \loop \advance\epsftsize\epsftsize \divide\epsftmp 2
       \ifnum\epsftmp>0
          \ifnum\epsftsize<\epsfrsize\else
             \advance\epsftsize-\epsfrsize \advance\epsfxsize\epsftmp \fi
       \repeat
       \epsfrsize=0pt
     \fi
   \else \ifnum\epsfysize=0
     \epsftmp=\epsfrsize \divide\epsftmp\epsftsize
     \epsfysize=\epsfxsize \multiply\epsfysize\epsftmp   
     \multiply\epsftmp\epsftsize \advance\epsfrsize-\epsftmp
     \epsftmp=\epsfxsize
     \loop \advance\epsfrsize\epsfrsize \divide\epsftmp 2
     \ifnum\epsftmp>0
        \ifnum\epsfrsize<\epsftsize\else
           \advance\epsfrsize-\epsftsize \advance\epsfysize\epsftmp \fi
     \repeat
     \epsfrsize=0pt
    \else
     \epsfrsize=\epsfysize
    \fi
   \fi
%
%  Finally, we make the vbox and stick in a \special that dvips can parse.
%
   \ifepsfverbose\message{#1: width=\the\epsfxsize, height=\the\epsfysize}\fi
   \epsftmp=10\epsfxsize \divide\epsftmp\pspoints
   \vbox to\epsfysize{\vfil\hbox to\epsfxsize{%
      \ifnum\epsfrsize=0\relax
        \special{PSfile=\ifepsfdraft psdraft.ps\else#1\fi\space
             llx=\epsfllx\space lly=\epsflly\space
             urx=\epsfurx\space ury=\epsfury\space rwi=\number\epsftmp
             \epsfclipstring}%
      \else
        \epsfrsize=10\epsfysize \divide\epsfrsize\pspoints
        \special{PSfile=\ifepsfdraft psdraft.ps\else#1\fi\space
             llx=\epsfllx\space lly=\epsflly\space
             urx=\epsfurx\space ury=\epsfury\space rwi=\number\epsftmp\space
             rhi=\number\epsfrsize \epsfclipstring}%
      \fi
      \hfil}}%
\global\epsfxsize=0pt\global\epsfysize=0pt}%
%
%   We still need to define the tricky \epsfaux macro. This requires
%   a couple of magic constants for comparison purposes.
%
{\catcode`\%=12 \global\let\epsfpercent=%\global\def\epsfbblit{%BoundingBox}}%
%
%   So we're ready to check for `%BoundingBox:' and to grab the
%   values if they are found.
%
\long\def\epsfaux#1#2:#3\\{\ifx#1\epsfpercent
   \def\testit{#2}\ifx\testit\epsfbblit
      \epsfgrab #3 . . . \\%
      \epsffileokfalse
      \global\epsfbbfoundtrue
   \fi\else\ifx#1\par\else\epsffileokfalse\fi\fi}%
%
%   Here we grab the values and stuff them in the appropriate definitions.
%
\def\epsfempty{}%
\def\epsfgrab #1 #2 #3 #4 #5\\{%
\global\def\epsfllx{#1}\ifx\epsfllx\epsfempty
      \epsfgrab #2 #3 #4 #5 .\\\else
   \global\def\epsflly{#2}%
   \global\def\epsfurx{#3}\global\def\epsfury{#4}\fi}%
%
%   We default the epsfsize macro.
%
\def\epsfsize#1#2{\epsfxsize}
%
%   Finally, another definition for compatibility with older macros.
%
\let\epsffile=\epsfbox
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE: "manend.tex"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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%%%                        and
%%%                        American Institute of Physics,
%%%                        and
%%%                        Optical Society of America",
%%%     contact         = "Christopher B. Hamlin",
%%%     address         = "APS Publications Liaison Office
%%%                        500 Sunnyside Blvd.
%%%                        Woodbury, NY 11797",
%%%     telephone       = "(516) 576-2390",
%%%     FAX             = "(516) 349-7817",
%%%     email           = "mis@aps.org (Internet)",
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%%% }
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%  start of file manend.tex
%
%   This file is part of the files in the REVTeX 3.0 distribution.
%   Version 3.0 of REVTeX, November 10, 1992.
%
%   Copyright (c) 1992 American Physical Society, Optical Society of America,
%   American Institute of Physics.
%
%   See the REVTeX 3.0 README file for restrictions and more information.
%
%

\documentstyle[twocolumn,seg]{revtex}
%
% comment out the documentstyle line above and use one of the other lines
% if you have the AMSFonts installed and would like to see the characters
% and fonts available with these options enabled. There is no guarantee
% that any specific TeX installation will be able to handle these options.
%
% the amsfonts option gives better handling of \bbox output in odd sizes
% and superscripts, along with the \frak and \Bbb font commands:
% \documentstyle[amsfonts,twocolumn,aps]{revtex}
%
% the amssymb option gives all the capabilities of the amsfonts option, but
% also defines names for many extra symbols:
% \documentstyle[amssymb,twocolumn,aps]{revtex}
%
\def\SNG{{\em Physical Review Style and Notation Guide}}
\def\LUG {{\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference Manual}}
\def\btt#1{{\tt$\backslash$\string#1}}%
\def\REVTeX{REV\TeX}
\def\AmS{{\protect\the\textfont2
        A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}
\def\AmSLaTeX{\AmS-\LaTeX}
\def\BibTeX{\rm B{\sc ib}\TeX}
\makeatletter
% run page numbers by "chapter"
\def\thepage{A-\@arabic\c@page}
% these page numbers need a bit more width
\def\@pnumwidth{2em}
\makeatother
% next line overrules aps style neutralization of \slantfrac
\def\slantfrac#1#2{\kern1em^{#1}\kern-.3em/\kern-.1em_{#2}}
\begin{document}

\appendix
\twocolumn


\makeatletter
\global\@specialpagefalse
\def\@oddhead{\REVTeX{} 3.0\hfill Released November 10, 1992}
\let\@evenhead\@oddhead
% run page numbers by "chapter", with copyright for first page
\def\@oddfoot{\reset@font\rm\hfill \thepage\hfill
\ifnum\c@page=1
  \llap{\protect\copyright{} 1992~~%
  $\vcenter{\baselineskip10pt
    \hbox{American Physical Society}
    \hbox{Optical Society of America}
    \hbox{American Institute of Physics}
  }$}\fi
} \let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot
\makeatother


\section{Character Set Listing}
\label{sec:chars}

This appendix provides tables which show all of the special characters
and mathematical symbols that are available within \REVTeX{}. Some of these
symbols require the AMSFonts to be available.

\REVTeX{} version 3.0 supports an extensive set of symbols, alphabets, and
special fonts. Their availability does not relieve an author (editor)
of considering whether a chosen notation or symbol will  convey the
intended meaning, and whether there is a more conventional alternative.
As always, for the benefit of the reader, notation should be clear, as simple
as possible, and consistent with standard usage. Nonstandard symbols should
only be used if necessary; their meaning should be explained in the paper
at the first occurrence.

Editorial policy on this issue may vary from journal to journal. Check recent
issues of a given journal and/or query the editor. APS authors
may also consult the journal's
``Information for Contributors'' as well as the \SNG{}.
In preparing an accepted paper for publication, the
editor may suggest (require) the use of alternative notation.

\def\xxx{4pt}

\subsection[\protect\LaTeX{} notations]{LaTeX notations}

\subsubsection[Standard \protect\LaTeX{} symbols]{Standard LaTeX symbols}
The following tables show the standard symbols for \LaTeX{} users.

\begin{table}
\caption{Text accents with letter a.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}%
                lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
\`{a} & \verb+\`{a}+&
\'{a} & \verb+\'{a}+&
\^{a} & \verb+\^{a}+&
\"{a} & \verb+\"{a}+\\
\~{a} & \verb+\~{a}+&
\={a} & \verb+\={a}+&
\.{a} & \verb+\.{a}+&
\u{a} & \verb+\u{a}+\\
\v{a} & \verb+\v{a}+&
\H{a} & \verb+\H{a}+&
\t{aa} & \verb+\t{aa}+&
\c{a} & \verb+\c{a}+\\
\d{a} & \verb+\d{a}+&
\b{a} & \verb+\b{a}+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


\begin{table}
\caption{Math accents with letter a.}
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\hat{a}$ & \verb+\hat{a}+ &
$\check{a}$ & \verb+\check{a}+ &
 $\dot{a}$ & \verb+\dot{a}+ &
 $\ddot{a}$ & \verb+\ddot{a}+ \\
$\breve{a}$ & \verb+\breve{a}+ &
 $\tilde{a}$ & \verb+\tilde{a}+ &
 $\grave{a}$ & \verb+\grave{a}+ &
 $\acute{a}$ & \verb+\acute{a}+ \\
  $\bar{a}$ & \verb+\bar{a}+ &
  $\vec{a}$ & \verb+\vec{a}+ &
\end{tabular}
\end{table}



\begin{table}
\caption{Special symbols; any mode.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
\dag & \verb+\dag+& \S & \verb+\S+& \copyright & \verb+\copyright+\\
\ddag & \verb+\ddag+& \P & \verb+\P+& \pounds & \verb+\pounds+\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}




\begin{table}
\caption{Other special (foreign) symbols; text mode.}
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
 \aa & \verb+\aa+&
 \AA & \verb+\AA+&
\ae & \verb+\ae+&
\AE & \verb+\AE+\\
 \o & \verb+\o+&
 \O & \verb+\O+&
\oe & \verb+\oe+&
\OE & \verb+\OE+\\
 \l & \verb+\l+&
 \L & \verb+\L+&
 ?` & \verb+?`+&
 !` & \verb+!`+\\
 \ss & \verb+\ss+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}




\begin{table}
\caption{Greek letters; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
\multicolumn{8}{c}{\it Lowercase}\\
$\alpha$ & \verb+\alpha+ &
$\beta$ & \verb+\beta+ &
$\gamma$ & \verb+\gamma+ &
$\delta$ & \verb+\delta+\\
$\epsilon$ & \verb+\epsilon+ &
$\varepsilon$ & \verb+\varepsilon+ &
$\zeta$ & \verb+\zeta+ &
$\eta$ & \verb+\eta+ \\
 $\theta$ & \verb+\theta+ &
 $\vartheta$ & \verb+\vartheta+ &
 $\iota$ & \verb+\iota+ &
 $\kappa$ & \verb+\kappa+ \\
 $\lambda$ & \verb+\lambda+ &
 $\mu$ & \verb+\mu+ &
 $\nu$ & \verb+\nu+ &
 $\xi$ & \verb+\xi+\\
 $o$ & \verb+o+ &
 $\pi$ & \verb+\pi+ &
 $\varpi$ & \verb+\varpi+ &
 $\rho$ & \verb+\rho+ \\
   $\varrho$ & \verb+\varrho+ &
   $\sigma$ & \verb+\sigma+ &
 $\varsigma$ & \verb+\varsigma+ &
    $\tau$ & \verb+\tau+ \\
   $\upsilon$ & \verb+\upsilon+ &
   $\phi$ & \verb+\phi+ &
   $\varphi$ & \verb+\varphi+ &
 $\chi$ & \verb+\chi+ \\
 $\psi$ & \verb+\psi+ &
  $\omega$ & \verb+\omega+ &
 \\[\baselineskip]
\multicolumn{8}{c}{\it Uppercase}\\
$\Gamma$ & \verb+\Gamma+ &
$\Delta$ & \verb+\Delta+ &
$\Theta$ & \verb+\Theta+ &
 $\Lambda$ & \verb+\Lambda+\\
 $\Xi$ & \verb+\Xi+ &
 $\Pi$ & \verb+\Pi+ &
   $\Sigma$ & \verb+\Sigma+ &
    $\Upsilon$ & \verb+\Upsilon+ \\
 $\Phi$ & \verb+\Phi+ &
 $\Psi$ & \verb+\Psi+ &
 $\Omega$ & \verb+\Omega+ &
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


\begin{table}
\caption{Binary operation symbols; used in math mode.}
\def\xxx{3.2pt}
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\pm$ & \verb+\pm+ &
$\mp$ & \verb+\mp+ &
$\times$ & \verb+\times+ &
$\div$ & \verb+\div+ \\
$\ast$ & \verb+\ast+ &
$\star$ & \verb+\star+ &
$\circ$ & \verb+\circ+ &
$\bullet$ & \verb+\bullet+\\
 $\cap$ & \verb+\cap+ &
 $\cup$ & \verb+\cup+ &
 $\uplus$ & \verb+\uplus+ &
$\cdot$ & \verb+\cdot+ \\
 $\sqcap$ & \verb+\sqcap+  &
 $\sqcup$ & \verb+\sqcup+ &
 $\vee$ & \verb+\vee+ &
 $\wedge$ & \verb+\wedge+\\
   $\oplus$ & \verb+\oplus+ &
 $\ominus$ & \verb+\ominus+ &
 $\otimes$ & \verb+\otimes+ &
 $\oslash$ & \verb+\oslash+ \\
$\bigtriangleup$ & \verb+\bigtriangleup+ &
 $\odot$ & \verb+\odot+ &
  $\lhd$ & \verb+\lhd+ &
 $\dagger$ & \verb+\dagger+ \\
$\bigtriangledown$ & \verb+\bigtriangledown+ &
 $\bigcirc$ & \verb+\bigcirc+ &
  $\rhd$ & \verb+\rhd+ &
 $\ddagger$ & \verb+\ddagger+\\
$\triangleleft$ & \verb+\triangleleft+ &
 $\diamond$ & \verb+\diamond+ &
  $\unlhd$ & \verb+\unlhd+ &
 $\setminus$ & \verb+\setminus+\\
$\triangleright$ & \verb+\triangleright+ &
 $\wr$ & \verb+\wr+  &
 $\unrhd$ & \verb+\unrhd+  &
  $\amalg$ & \verb+\amalg+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}




\begin{table}
\caption{Relation symbols; used in math mode. }
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\leq$ & \verb+\leq+ &
 $\geq$ & \verb+\geq+ &
$\ll$ & \verb+\ll+ &
 $\gg$ & \verb+\gg+ \\
 $\equiv$ & \verb+\equiv+ &
 $\asymp$ & \verb+\asymp+ &
   $\neq$ & \verb+\neq+ &
   $\doteq$ & \verb+\doteq+  \\
$\subset$ & \verb+\subset+ &
 $\supset$ & \verb+\supset+ &
$\subseteq$ & \verb+\subseteq+ &
 $\supseteq$ & \verb+\supseteq+  \\
$\sqsubset$ & \verb+\sqsubset+ &
 $\sqsupset$ & \verb+\sqsupset+ &
$\sqsubseteq$ & \verb+\sqsubseteq+ &
 $\sqsupseteq$ & \verb+\sqsupseteq+\hidewidth \\
   $\models$ & \verb+\models+ &
   $\perp$ & \verb+\perp+  &
 $\mid$ & \verb+\mid+  &
   $\parallel$ & \verb+\parallel+ \\
$\prec$ & \verb+\prec+ &
 $\succ$ & \verb+\succ+ &
$\preceq$ & \verb+\preceq+ &
 $\succeq$ & \verb+\succeq+ \\
 $\sim$ & \verb+\sim+ &
   $\simeq$ & \verb+\simeq+ &
   $\approx$ & \verb+\approx+ &
   $\cong$ & \verb+\cong+ \\
 $\bowtie$ & \verb+\bowtie+  &
 $\Join$ & \verb+\Join+  &
 $\smile$ & \verb+\smile+ &
 $\frown$ & \verb+\frown+ \\
$\in$ & \verb+\in+ &
 $\ni$ & \verb+\ni+ &
$\vdash$ & \verb+\vdash+ &
 $\dashv$ & \verb+\dashv+  \\
 $\propto$ & \verb+\propto+ &
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

 Negated relations can sometimes
be constructed with \verb+\not+. For example,
\[
\hbox{\verb+If $x \not< y$ then $x \not\leq z$.+}
\]
gives
\[
\hbox{If $x \not< y$ then $x \not\leq z$.}
\]
The AMSFonts have many negated relations already constructed. See
Appendix \ref{AMSFonts,notations}.


\begin{table}
\caption{Arrow symbols; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\leftarrow$ & \verb+\leftarrow+ &
$\rightarrow$ & \verb+\rightarrow+ \\
 $\longleftarrow$ & \verb+\longleftarrow+ &
 $\longrightarrow$ & \verb+\longrightarrow+ \\
$\Leftarrow$ & \verb+\Leftarrow+ &
$\Rightarrow$ & \verb+\Rightarrow+ \\
 $\Longleftarrow$ & \verb+\Longleftarrow+ &
 $\Longrightarrow$ & \verb+\Longrightarrow+ \\
$\hookleftarrow$ & \verb+\hookleftarrow+ & $\hookrightarrow$
  & \verb+\hookrightarrow+ \\
$\leftharpoonup$ & \verb+\leftharpoonup+ & $\rightharpoonup$
  & \verb+\rightharpoonup+\\
$\leftharpoondown$ & \verb+\leftharpoondown+ & $\rightharpoondown$
  & \verb+\rightharpoondown+ \\
$\rightleftharpoons$&\verb+\rightleftharpoons+&$\leadsto$&\verb+\leadsto+ \\
$\leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\leftrightarrow+ & $\longleftrightarrow$
  & \verb+\longleftrightarrow+  \\
$\Leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\Leftrightarrow+ & $\Longleftrightarrow$
  & \verb+\Longleftrightarrow+  \\
$\mapsto$ & \verb+\mapsto+ & $\longmapsto$ & \verb+\longmapsto+ \\
\multicolumn{4}{c}{%
   \begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
   $\uparrow$ & \btt{uparrow}\\
   $\downarrow$ & \btt{downarrow} \\
   $\Uparrow$ & \btt{Uparrow}\\
   $\Downarrow$ & \btt{Downarrow}\\
   $\updownarrow$ & \btt{updownarrow}\\
   $\Updownarrow$ & \btt{Updownarrow}\\
   $\nearrow$ & \btt{nearrow}\\
   $\searrow$ & \btt{searrow}\\
   $\swarrow$ & \btt{swarrow}\\
   $\nwarrow$ & \btt{nwarrow}
   \end{tabular}%
} % end of multicolumn
%
\end{tabular}
\end{table}





\begin{table}
\caption{Miscellaneous symbols; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}%
  {c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
 $\flat$ & \verb+\flat+ &
 $\natural$ & \verb+\natural+ &
 $\sharp$ & \verb+\sharp+ &
 $\prime$ & \verb+\prime+ \\
 $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ &
 $\forall$ & \verb+\forall+ &
  $\infty$ & \verb+\infty+ &
 $\exists$ & \verb+\exists+\\
 $\emptyset$ & \verb+\emptyset+ &
  $\Box$ & \verb+\Box+ &
 $\nabla$ & \verb+\nabla+ &
 $\neg$ & \verb+\neg+ \\
  $\Diamond$ & \verb+\Diamond+ &
 $\surd$ & \verb+\surd+ &
  $\triangle$ & \verb+\triangle+&
 $\|$ & \verb+\|+ \\
  $\clubsuit$ & \verb+\clubsuit+ &
$\aleph$ & \verb+\aleph+ &
$\wp$ & \verb+\wp+ &
 $\top$ & \verb+\top+\\
  $\diamondsuit$ & \verb+\diamondsuit+&
$\Re$ & \verb+\Re+ &
$\ell$ & \verb+\ell+ &
 $\bot$ & \verb+\bot+ \\
  $\heartsuit$ & \verb+\heartsuit+ &
$\Im$ & \verb+\Im+ &
$\imath$ & \verb+\imath+ &
 $\partial$ & \verb+\partial+ \\
  $\spadesuit$ & \verb+\spadesuit+ &
$\hbar$ & \verb+\hbar+ &
$\jmath$ & \verb+\jmath+ &
 $\angle$ & \verb+\angle+ \\
$\mho$ & \verb+\mho+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}



\begin{table}
\caption{Log-like functions; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}{llllllll}
\verb+\arccos+ &
\verb+\arcsin+ &
\verb+\arctan+ &
\verb+\arg+ &
 \verb+\cos+ \\
 \verb+\cosh+ &
 \verb+\cot+ &
 \verb+\coth+ &
 \verb+\csc+ &
 \verb+\deg+ \\
 \verb+\det+ &
 \verb+\dim+ &
 \verb+\exp+ &
 \verb+\gcd+ &
 \verb+\hom+ \\
 \verb+\inf+ &
 \verb+\ker+ &
 \verb+\lg+ &
 \verb+\lim+ &
 \verb+\liminf+ \\
  \verb+\limsup+ &
  \verb+\ln+ &
  \verb+\log+ &
  \verb+\max+ &
 \verb+\min+ \\
 \verb+\Pr+ &
 \verb+\sec+ &
 \verb+\sin+ &
 \verb+\sinh+ &
 \verb+\sup+ \\
 \verb+\tan+ &
 \verb+\tanh+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


\begin{table}
\caption{Delimiters; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$($ & \verb+(+ &
 $)$ & \verb+)+ &
$/$ & \verb+/+ \\
$[$ & \verb+[+ &
 $]$ & \verb+]+ &
 $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ \\
$\{$ & \verb+\{+ &
 $\}$ & \verb+\}+ &
$|$ & \verb+|+ \\
$\langle$ & \verb+\langle+ &
 $\rangle$ & \verb+\rangle+ &
 $\|$ & \verb+\|+ \\
 $\uparrow$ & \verb+\uparrow+ &
  $\Uparrow$ & \verb+\Uparrow+&
$\lfloor$ & \verb+\lfloor+ \\
 $\downarrow$ & \verb+\downarrow+ &
  $\Downarrow$ & \verb+\Downarrow+ &
 $\rfloor$ & \verb+\rfloor+ \\
 $\updownarrow$ & \verb+\updownarrow+ &
  $\Updownarrow$ & \verb+\Updownarrow+ &
$\lceil$ & \verb+\lceil+ \\
 & & & & $\rceil$ & \verb+\rceil+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}




\begin{table}
\caption{Miscellaneous symbols; used in math mode.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\textstyle\sum$ $\displaystyle\sum$ & \verb+\sum+ &
$\textstyle\prod$ $\displaystyle\prod$ & \verb+\prod+ &
$\textstyle\coprod$ $\displaystyle\coprod$ & \verb+\coprod+ \\
$\textstyle\int$ $\displaystyle\int$ & \verb+\int+ &
$\textstyle\oint$ $\displaystyle\oint$ & \verb+\oint+ &
$\textstyle\biguplus$ $\displaystyle\biguplus$ & \verb+\biguplus+ \\
  $\textstyle\bigcap$ $\displaystyle\bigcap$ & \verb+\bigcap+ &
  $\textstyle\bigcup$ $\displaystyle\bigcup$ & \verb+\bigcup+ &
  $\textstyle\bigsqcup$ $\displaystyle\bigsqcup$ & \verb+\bigsqcup+ \\
  $\textstyle\bigodot$ $\displaystyle\bigodot$ & \verb+\bigodot+ &
  $\textstyle\bigotimes$ $\displaystyle\bigotimes$ & \verb+\bigotimes+ &
  $\textstyle\bigoplus$ $\displaystyle\bigoplus$ & \verb+\bigoplus+ \\
  $\textstyle\bigvee$ $\displaystyle\bigvee$ & \verb+\bigvee+ &
  $\textstyle\bigwedge$ $\displaystyle\bigwedge$ & \verb+\bigwedge+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection[Standard \protect\LaTeX{} typefaces]{Standard LaTeX typefaces}

You can access a pair of special typefaces in \LaTeX.

% only math mode?
You can switch to script (calligraphic) letters by using the \verb+\cal+
command (note the $\cal L$):
\begin{verbatim}
{\cal L}_{\text{int}} = e F^{3}_{\pi} r^{2}
  B^{0}(r,t) \epsilon \sin(\Omega t)
  \exp(\eta t),
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
{\cal L}_{\text{int}} = eF^{3}_{\pi} r^{2}
 B^{0}(r,t)\epsilon\sin(\Omega t)\exp(\eta t),
\]
Only uppercase letters are available in the \verb+\cal+ font.

\penalty-10000

% only math mode?
You can switch to sans serif letters by using the \verb+\sf+
command (note the $\sf M$):
\begin{verbatim}
R({\cal Q}-{\cal Q}_{0})
=R_{0} \exp\left(-\case1/2\Delta {\cal Q}
 \cdot{\sf M}\cdot\Delta{\cal Q}\right).
  \label{eq:rdef}
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
  R({\cal Q}-{\cal Q}_{0}) =
  R_{0} \exp\left(-\case1/2\Delta {\cal Q} \cdot {\sf M}
  \cdot \Delta {\cal Q}\right).
\]
Both uppercase and lowercase letters are available with \verb+\sf+.


\subsubsection{Other notations}

% math mode only?
The \verb+\overline+ command puts a horizontal line above its argument
in math mode:
\begin{verbatim}
$\overline{x}+\overline{y}$
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
\overline{x}+\overline{y}
\]

There is an analogous \verb+\underline+ command that works in text
or math mode:
\begin{verbatim}
The equation \underline{is} $\underline{x+y}$.
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
\hbox{The equation \underline{is} $\underline{x+y}$.}
\]

% math mode?
Horizontal braces are put above or below an expression with the
\verb+\overbrace+ and \verb+\underbrace+ commands:
\begin{verbatim}
$\underbrace{a_{1} + \overbrace{a_{2}+a_{3}}
  + a_{4}}$
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
\underbrace{a_{1} + \overbrace{a_{2}+a_{3}} + a_{4}}
\]
and in displayed math, a subscript or a superscript puts a label on
the brace:
\begin{verbatim}
$\underbrace{a_{1} +
  \overbrace{a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n-1}}^{n-2}
   + a_{n}}_{n}$
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
\underbrace{a_{1} + \overbrace{a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n-1}}^{n-2} + a_{n}}_{n}
\]

Wide versions of the \verb+\hat+ and \verb+\tilde+ commands are available.
They are called \verb+\widehat+ and \verb+\widetilde+, respectively.
Here is an example:
\begin{verbatim}
$\widehat{a} + \widehat{ab}
 + \widehat{abc} + \widehat{abcd}$
\end{verbatim}
gives
\[
\widehat{a} + \widehat{ab} + \widehat{abc} + \widehat{abcd}
\]




\subsection{AMSFonts notations}
\label{AMSFonts,notations}


The AMSFonts are fonts that were developed by the American Mathematical Society
and are now made available free of charge by the AMS. The METAFONT source
files for these
fonts are freely available, as are precompiled .pk files. There are two style
options that can be used to access the AMSFonts:
\verb+amsfonts+ and \verb+amssymb+. These style options are explained in
The appropriate society-specific documentation. Not distributed
with \REVTeX{} are the files amsfonts.sty and amssymb.sty of the
\AmSLaTeX{} distribution.
These files are called in by \REVTeX{}, when the NFSS is in effect,
to give you access
to the AMSFonts; under the OFSS \REVTeX{} itself will do the work necessary
to allow access.


% \subsubsection{Getting the AMSFonts}
% \label{sec:AMSFonts,getting}
%
% This information on getting the AMSFonts was put together from Internet
% posts by Rafal Zbikowski and George D. Greenwade. They are responsible
% for any correct information herein.
%
% The original distributing site for AMSFonts Version 2.1 (released
% in August 1991) is
% \begin{verbatim}
% e-math.ams.com       130.44.1.100      /ams
% \end{verbatim}
% available via ftp. Version 2.1 is incompatible with earlier
% versions, so upgrades are strongly recommended.
% Users having Unix-compatible compress/uncompress and tar/untar
% utilities (such exist for DOS and VMS) can get the following
% (binary) files:
% \begin{verbatim}
%    637421  Oct 28  1991 amsfonts-sources.tar.Z
%    4915200 Sep 27  1991 amsfonts300.tar
%      78823 Jul  2  1991 tfm-files.tar.Z
%    2447360 Sep 27  1991 amsfonts118.tar
%    3235840 Sep 27  1991 amsfonts180.tar
%    3788800 Sep 27  1991 amsfonts240.tar
%    4915200 Sep 27  1991 amsfonts300.tar
%    6512640 Sep 30  1991 amsfonts400.tar
% \end{verbatim}
% from the \verb+/ams+ directory, which covers the whole distribution together
% with documentation printable with plain \TeX. The files
% \verb+amsfonts$$$.tar+ (where \verb+$$$+ is 118 or 180 or 240 or 300 or 400)
% contain .pk files (packed generic font files for AMSFonts),
% the number \verb+$$$+ indicating the required printer/previewer resolution
% in dots per inch (dpi).
% Note that \verb+amsfonts$$$.tar+ are {\em not\/} compressed using Unix's
% compress facility.
%
% Users not having the Unix-compatible utilities will have to pull
% the files from subdirectories
% \begin{verbatim}
%   /ams/amsfonts
%   /ams/amsfonts/doc
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files
%   /ams/amsfonts/sources
%   /ams/amsfonts/sources/cyrillic
%   /ams/amsfonts/sources/euler
%   /ams/amsfonts/sources/extracm
%   /ams/amsfonts/sources/symbols
%   /ams/tfm-files
% \end{verbatim}
% Subdirectory \verb+/ams/amsfonts/pk-files+ contains .pk files (compressed
% generic font files for AMSFonts) organized in directories
% according to the required printer/previewer resolution, i.e.
% \begin{verbatim}
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files/118dpi
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files/180dpi
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files/240dpi
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files/300dpi
%   /ams/amsfonts/pk-files/400dpi
% \end{verbatim}
% where dpi is dots per inch.
%
% The files of the AMS distribution are rather big, even in the compressed
% form (as seen from the above listings). It is recommended to pull
% only the relevant files (especially the .pk ones). For example,
% files necessary for a 300dpi installation (\verb+amsfonts-sources.tar.Z+,
% \verb+amsfonts300.tar+, tfm-files.tar.Z) occupy around eight megabytes in
% uncompressed form (untarred \verb+amsfonts300.tar+ occupies 4533
% kilobytes).
%
% Note that \verb+amsfonts$$$.tar+ are {\em not\/} compressed using the Unix
% compress facility.
%
%
% The \AmSLaTeX files \verb+amsfonts.sty+ and \verb+amssymb.sty+,
% can also be obtained via anonymous ftp, from
% the directory \verb+/ams/amslatex/inputs+.
%
% The AMSFonts can be obtained by retrieving the font packages from
% Sam Houston State University. Send a mail message ({\em not interactive\/})
% with the lines
% \begin{verbatim}
%   SENDME AMSFONTS
%   SENDME AMSFONTS_DOC
%   SENDME AMSFONTS_EULER
%   SENDME AMSFONTS_EXTRACM
%   SENDME AMSFONTS_SYMBOLS
%   SENDME AMSFONTS_SOURCES
% \end{verbatim}
% to \verb+fileserv@shsu.edu+ (Internet) or \verb+fileserv@shsu+ (Bitnet).
% The server there will queue your request and send you the needed files
% automatically. Be forewarned that you can only retrieve the METAFONT sources
% from the server, and these packages can be large. You will also need
% to have a functioning copy of METAFONT and know how to use it. Here
% is a list of the packages, the number of files in each, and the approximate
% size of the package.
% \begin{quasitable}
% \begin{tabular}{lll}
% Package & No.\ files & Size \\
% \hline
% AMSFONTS & 5 & 37.5 kB \\
% AMSFONTS\_DOC & 4 & 87 kB \\
% AMSFONTS\_EULER & 68 & 1.2 MB \\
% AMSFONTS\_EXTRACM & 15 & 95.5 kB \\
% AMSFONTS\_SYMBOLS & 19 & 285 kB \\
% AMSFONTS\_SOURCES & 3 & 17.5 kB
% \end{tabular}
% \end{quasitable}
% You may wish to split up your requests to simplify things, sending only
% a single request at a time.
%
%
% You can also obtain \verb+amsfonts.sty+ and \verb+amssymb.sty+ by
% sending a mail message containing the lines
% \begin{verbatim}
% SENDME AMSLaTeX_INPUTS.AMSFONTS_STY
% SENDME AMSLaTeX_INPUTS.AMSSYMB_STY
% \end{verbatim}
% to \verb+fileserv@shsu.edu+ (Internet) or \verb+fileserv@shsu+ (Bitnet).
%
%


\subsubsection{Using the {\protect\tt amsfonts} option}
\label{sec:AMSFonts,amsfonts}

The \verb+amsfonts+ style option will give you
access to the \verb+\frak+ and \verb+\Bbb+ fonts and will also
use the extra Computer Modern fonts from the AMS in order to provide
better access to bold math characters at smaller sizes and in
super- and subscripts.

{\em AMSFonts typefaces.}
With the AMSFonts installed and in use through either the \verb+amsfonts+ or
\verb+amssymb+ style option, the \verb+\frak+ and \verb+\Bbb+ commands
are available. \verb+\frak+ switches to the AMS Fraktur font, while
\verb+\Bbb+ switches to the so-called ``Blackboard Bold'' font.
Only uppercase letters are available in Blackboard Bold, and there is
no bold version of the font. Fraktur has both uppercase and lowercase letters
and will become bold in a bbox.

\makeatletter

\def\foobar{\let\foo\iftrue}\let\foo\iffalse
\if@amssymbols\foobar\else\if@amsfonts\foobar\fi\fi

\foo
\makeatother

Here are the letters ``ABCDE'' from \verb+\frak+: $\frak ABCDE$.
And here are the letters ``RIZN'' from \verb+\Bbb+: $\Bbb RIZN$.

Here is some math with superscripts and \verb+\frak+. It demonstrates
the output of \verb+\bbox{#1}+.
\[\text{Normal: } {\frak E}=mc^{2\pi},
  \text{\ \ bbox: } \bbox{{\frak E}=mc^{2\pi}}
\]

\else
\makeatother
\bigskip
\begin{center}
\bf You do not have the amsfonts or amssymb option
selected, therefore the characters in the AMSFonts will not be
printed using \verb+\frak+ and \verb+\Bbb+.
\end{center}
\fi


\subsubsection{Using the {\protect\tt amssymb} option}
\label{sec:AMSFonts,symb}

The \verb+amssymb+ style option gives all the font capabilities of the
\verb+amsfonts+ option. It also defines names for many extra symbols that
are present in the AMSFonts. The names are the same as those the AMS uses.
These symbols and their names are shown below, if you have the AMSFonts
installed and the \verb+amssymb+ option selected.

\makeatletter
\if@amssymbols
\makeatother

% some of these characters are very high
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}

Please be aware that no bold versions are available for any of the characters
in this subsection.


% Lowercase Greek
\begin{table}
\caption{Extra lowercase Greek letters available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\digamma$ & \verb+\digamma+ &
  $\varkappa$ & \verb+\varkappa+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

% Hebrew letters
\begin{table}
\caption{Extra Hebrew letters available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\beth$ & \verb+\beth+ &
  $\gimel$ & \verb+\gimel+ \\
$\daleth$ & \verb+\daleth+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


% Bin Rel
\begin{table}
\caption{Binary relations available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\leqq$ & \verb+\leqq+ &
  $\geqq$ & \verb+\geqq+ \\
$\leqslant$ & \verb+\leqslant+ &
  $\geqslant$ & \verb+\geqslant+ \\
$\eqslantless$ & \verb+\eqslantless+ &
  $\eqslantgtr$ & \verb+\eqslantgtr+ \\
$\lesssim$ & \verb+\lesssim+ &
  $\gtrsim$ & \verb+\gtrsim+ \\
$\lessapprox$ & \verb+\lessapprox+ &
  $\gtrapprox$ & \verb+\gtrapprox+ \\
$\approxeq$ & \verb+\approxeq+ \\
$\lessdot$ & \verb+\lessdot+ &
  $\gtrdot$ & \verb+\gtrdot+ \\
$\lll$ & \verb+\lll,\llless+ &
  $\ggg$ & \verb+\ggg,\gggtr+ \\
$\lessgtr$ & \verb+\lessgtr+ &
  $\gtrless$ & \verb+\gtrless+ \\
$\lesseqgtr$ & \verb+\lesseqgtr+ &
  $\gtreqless$ & \verb+\gtreqless+ \\[4pt]
$\lesseqqgtr$ & \verb+\lesseqqgtr+ &
  $\gtreqqless$ & \verb+\gtreqqless+ \\
$\preccurlyeq$ & \verb+\preccurlyeq+ &
  $\succcurlyeq$ & \verb+\succcurlyeq+ \\
$\curlyeqprec$ & \verb+\curlyeqprec+ &
  $\curlyeqsucc$ & \verb+\curlyeqsucc+ \\
$\precsim$ & \verb+\precsim+ &
  $\succsim$ & \verb+\succsim+ \\
$\precapprox$ & \verb+\precapprox+ &
  $\succapprox$ & \verb+\succapprox+ \\
$\subseteqq$ & \verb+\subseteqq+ &
  $\supseteqq$ & \verb+\supseteqq+ \\
$\Subset$ & \verb+\Subset+ &
  $\Supset$ & \verb+\Supset+ \\
$\sqsubset$ & \verb+\sqsubset+ &
  $\sqsupset$ & \verb+\sqsupset+ \\
$\backsim$ & \verb+\backsim+ &
  $\thicksim$ & \verb+\thicksim+ \\
$\backsimeq$ & \verb+\backsimeq+ &
  $\thickapprox$ & \verb+\thickapprox+ \\
$\doteqdot$ & \verb+\doteqdot,\Doteq+ &
  $\eqcirc$ & \verb+\eqcirc+ \\
$\risingdotseq$ & \verb+\risingdotseq+ &
  $\circeq$ & \verb+\circeq+ \\
$\fallingdotseq$ & \verb+\fallingdotseq+ &
  $\triangleq$ & \verb+\triangleq+ \\
$\vartriangleleft$ & \verb+\vartriangleleft+ &
  $\vartriangleright$ & \verb+\vartriangleright+ \\
$\trianglelefteq$ & \verb+\trianglelefteq+ &
  $\trianglerighteq$ & \verb+\trianglerighteq+ \\
$\vDash$ & \verb+\vDash+ &
  $\Vdash$ & \verb+\Vdash+ \\
$\Vvdash$ & \verb+\Vvdash+ \\
$\smallsmile$ & \verb+\smallsmile+ &
$\smallfrown$ & \verb+\smallfrown+ \\
  $\shortmid$ & \verb+\shortmid+ &
  $\shortparallel$ & \verb+\shortparallel+ \\
$\bumpeq$ & \verb+\bumpeq+ &
$\Bumpeq$ & \verb+\Bumpeq+ \\
  $\between$ & \verb+\between+ &
  $\pitchfork$ & \verb+\pitchfork+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\caption{Miscellaneous symbols available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\hbar $ & \verb+\hbar+ &
$\hslash$ & \verb+\hslash+ \\
  $\backprime $ & \verb+\backprime+ &
  $\varnothing$ & \verb+\varnothing+ \\
$\vartriangle$ & \verb+\vartriangle+ &
  $\blacktriangle$ & \verb+\blacktriangle+ \\
$\triangledown$ & \verb+\triangledown+ &
  $\blacktriangledown$ & \verb+\blacktriangledown+ \\
$\square$ & \verb+\square+ &
  $\blacksquare$ & \verb+\blacksquare+ \\
$\lozenge$ & \verb+\lozenge+ &
  $\blacklozenge$ & \verb+\blacklozenge+ \\
$\circledS$ & \verb+\circledS+ &
  $\bigstar$ & \verb+\bigstar+ \\
$\angle $ & \verb+\angle+ &
  $\sphericalangle$ & \verb+\sphericalangle+ \\
$\measuredangle$ & \verb+\measuredangle+ \\
$\nexists$ & \verb+\nexists+ &
  $\complement$ & \verb+\complement+ \\
$\mho$ & \verb+\mho+ &
  $\eth$ & \verb+\eth+ \\
$\Finv$ & \verb+\Finv+ &
$\Game$ & \verb+\Game+ \\
  $\diagup$ & \verb+\diagup+ &
  $\diagdown$ & \verb+\diagdown+ \\
$\Bbbk$ & \verb+\Bbbk+
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:a}
\end{table}


% Bin Op
\begin{table}
\caption{Binary operators available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\dotplus$ & \verb+\dotplus+ &
  $\ltimes$ & \verb+\ltimes+ \\
$\smallsetminus$ & \verb+\smallsetminus+ &
  $\rtimes$ & \verb+\rtimes+ \\
$\barwedge$ & \verb+\barwedge+ &
  $\curlywedge$ & \verb+\curlywedge+ \\
$\veebar$ & \verb+\veebar+ &
  $\curlyvee$ & \verb+\curlyvee+ \\
$\doublebarwedge$ & \verb+\doublebarwedge+ \\
$\Cap$ &   \verb+\Cap,\doublecap+ &
  $\leftthreetimes$ & \verb+\leftthreetimes+  \\
$\Cup$ &   \verb+\Cup,\doublecup+ &
  $\rightthreetimes$ & \verb+\rightthreetimes+ \\
$\boxtimes$ & \verb+\boxtimes+ &
  $\circledast$ & \verb+\circledast+ \\
$\boxminus$ & \verb+\boxminus+ &
  $\circleddash$ & \verb+\circleddash+ \\
$\boxplus$ & \verb+\boxplus+ &
  $\centerdot$ & \verb+\centerdot+ \\
$\boxdot$ & \verb+\boxdot+ &
  $\circledcirc$ & \verb+\circledcirc+ \\
$\divideontimes$ & \verb+\divideontimes+ &
  $\intercal$ & \verb+\intercal+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


% other junk
\begin{table}
\caption{Other miscellaneous symbols available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\varpropto$ & \verb+\varpropto+ &
  $\backepsilon$ & \verb+\backepsilon+ \\
$\blacktriangleleft$ & \verb+\blacktriangleleft+ &
  $\blacktriangleright$ & \verb+\blacktriangleright+ \\
$\therefore$ & \verb+\therefore+ &
  $\because$ & \verb+\because+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

% negated relations
\begin{table}
\caption{Negated relations available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\nsim$ & \verb+\nsim+ &
  $\ncong$ & \verb+\ncong+ \\
$\nless$ & \verb+\nless+ &
  $\ngtr$ & \verb+\ngtr+ \\
$\nleq$ & \verb+\nleq+ &
  $\ngeq$ & \verb+\ngeq+ \\
$\nleqslant$ & \verb+\nleqslant+ &
  $\ngeqslant$ & \verb+\ngeqslant+ \\
$\nleqq$ & \verb+\nleqq+ &
  $\ngeqq$ & \verb+\ngeqq+ \\
$\lneq$ & \verb+\lneq+ &
  $\gneq$ & \verb+\gneq+ \\
$\lneqq$ & \verb+\lneqq+ &
  $\gneqq$ & \verb+\gneqq+ \\
$\lvertneqq$ & \verb+\lvertneqq+ &
  $\gvertneqq$ & \verb+\gvertneqq+ \\
$\lnsim$ & \verb+\lnsim+ &
  $\gnsim$ & \verb+\gnsim+ \\
$\lnapprox$ & \verb+\lnapprox+ &
  $\gnapprox$ & \verb+\gnapprox+ \\
$\nprec$ & \verb+\nprec+ &
  $\nsucc$ & \verb+\nsucc+ \\
$\npreceq$ & \verb+\npreceq+ &
  $\nsucceq$ & \verb+\nsucceq+ \\
$\precneqq$ & \verb+\precneqq+ &
  $\succneqq$ & \verb+\succneqq+ \\
$\precnsim$ & \verb+\precnsim+ &
  $\succnsim$ & \verb+\succnsim+ \\
$\precnapprox$ & \verb+\precnapprox+ &
  $\succnapprox$ & \verb+\succnapprox+ \\
$\ntriangleleft$ & \verb+\ntriangleleft+ &
  $\ntriangleright$ & \verb+\ntriangleright+ \\
$\ntrianglelefteq$ & \verb+\ntrianglelefteq+ &
  $\ntrianglerighteq$ & \verb+\ntrianglerighteq+ \\
$\nshortmid$ & \verb+\nshortmid+ &
$\nmid$ & \verb+\nmid+ \\
  $\nshortparallel$ & \verb+\nshortparallel+ &
  $\nparallel$ & \verb+\nparallel+ \\
$\nvdash$ & \verb+\nvdash+ &
  $\nvDash$ & \verb+\nvDash+ \\
$\nVdash$ & \verb+\nVdash+ &
  $\nVDash$ & \verb+\nVDash+ \\
$\nsubseteq$ & \verb+\nsubseteq+ &
  $\nsupseteq$ & \verb+\nsupseteq+ \\
$\nsubseteqq$ & \verb+\nsubseteqq+ &
  $\nsupseteqq$ & \verb+\nsupseteqq+ \\
$\varsubsetneq$ & \verb+\varsubsetneq+ &
  $\varsupsetneq$ & \verb+\varsupsetneq+ \\
$\subsetneq$ & \verb+\subsetneq+ &
  $\supsetneq$ & \verb+\supsetneq+ \\
$\varsubsetneqq$ & \verb+\varsubsetneqq+ &
  $\varsupsetneqq$ & \verb+\varsupsetneqq+ \\
$\subsetneqq$ & \verb+\subsetneqq+ &
  $\supsetneqq$ & \verb+\supsetneqq+
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\caption{Yet more
miscellaneous symbols available with amssymb option selected.}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{\xxx}}lc@{\hspace{\xxx}}l}
$\dashrightarrow$ & \verb+\dashrightarrow+ &