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CONCLUSIONS

The inverse problem for inhomogeneous frames in the Brown and Korringa picture is complicated by the presence of three bulk moduli characterizing the porous frame -- all three of which must be determined from the same data. Measurements of the three ultrasonic velocities of poroelasticity (slow compressional, shear, and fast compressional) may be used to determine pore-space tortuosity, shear modulus, and saturated bulk modulus, respectively, for a single fluid saturant. In principle, three more constants (the drained frame modulus and the two additional bulk moduli of Brown and Korringa) can be determined by repeating the ultrasonic measurements on the same porous sample when it is saturated with different fluids (e.g., air and hydrocarbons). The theory suggests therefore that, in principle, the inversion problem can be solved. However, available real ultrasonic data on rocks (Wang, 1988) shows paradoxically (but conclusively) either that the effective porosity at ultrasonic frequencies is substantially smaller than the measured porosity or that the effective drained bulk modulus is larger than the measured air-dry modulus. Thus, either the effective porosity or the effective drained modulus must also be determined from the data, giving us one too many unknowns. The effective porosity might be interpreted as resulting from a type of high-frequency dispersion caused by the inability of the entire mass of pore fluid to respond instantaneously to acoustically induced pressure changes. Such an interpretation would allow us to estimate an effective porosity as a function of frequency and thereby resolve ambiguities in the inverse problem. However, to establish this mechanism as the correct one, we had to establish first that there were no static effects that could be the true cause. It is at least equally likely that the effective drained modulus of a rock differs from the air-dry modulus when the rock has complex mineralogy. These considerations show that the process of inverting ultrasonic data for Biot-Gassmann parameters must incorporate other physical constraints and then produces a range of possible values for each coefficient.


previous up next print clean
Next: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Up: Berryman and Lumley: Inverting Previous: Discussion
Stanford Exploration Project
11/17/1997